時間:2022-02-11 16:23:25
序論:好文章的創(chuàng)作是一個不斷探索和完善的過程,我們?yōu)槟扑]十篇飲食禮儀范例,希望它們能助您一臂之力,提升您的閱讀品質(zhì),帶來更深刻的閱讀感受。
在阿拉伯的穆斯林食品中,羊肉是最常吃的肉類。多年的飲食習(xí)慣使埃及的普通老百姓都對吃羊肉的好處了如指掌。記者在街上隨便問了幾個埃及人,他們一口氣就說出了吃羊肉的幾大好處,如溫補(bǔ)脾胃、調(diào)治氣虛、增熱御寒、壯陽生精等。他們還告訴記者,冬天吃羊肉效果更好,可治療老弱病人腰酸腿軟、咳嗽、尿頻及風(fēng)濕性感冒等。
為了驗(yàn)證這些說法,記者采訪了開羅一家營養(yǎng)咨詢中心的資深營養(yǎng)專家馬迪。馬迪說,這些說法確實(shí)具有一定的道理。羊肉中含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)和維生素,尤其是維生素B1和B2,同時富含煙酸以及銅、鋅、鈣、磷、鐵等多種礦物質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)成分。其中,銅和鋅的含量大大超過了其他肉類。
很多人喜歡吃肉,卻擔(dān)心其中的膽固醇含量過高。馬迪說,吃羊肉就不用擔(dān)心這個問題。因?yàn)檠蛉庵械闹竞湍懝檀己颗c其他肉類相比較低。例如,100克不同種類的瘦肉中,雞肉含膽固醇117毫克,牛肉106毫克,兔肉83毫克,鴨肉80毫克,豬肉77毫克,羊肉65毫克。此外,羊肉含鈣量很高,每100克羊肉含鈣15毫克,比牛肉多50%以上。它的含鐵量也極為豐富,每100克羊肉含鐵3毫克,比牛肉多1倍,比豬肉多4倍。
據(jù)記者了解,我國傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)理論中,也記載了很多羊肉的好處,如益腎氣、開胃健力、助益產(chǎn)婦、通乳治帶、增強(qiáng)消化功能、保護(hù)胃壁等。由于腎是衰老之本,因此,常吃具有補(bǔ)腎作用的羊肉能延緩衰老。我國元代醫(yī)學(xué)家曾認(rèn)為:“羊肉甘熱,能補(bǔ)血之虛。”明代著名的醫(yī)學(xué)家李時珍在《本草綱目》中也說,羊肉能“補(bǔ)中益氣,安心止痛,主治虛勞寒冷”。在寒冷的冬季,多吃羊肉對人體健康具有一定的促進(jìn)作用。
吃法以烤制為主
埃及人在羊肉的吃法上通常有煎羊肉配蕓豆、羊排、羊肉末面條、羊肉餅、燜羊肉塊、烤羊肉串、紅燒羊肉塊、煎羊肝等;而烤全羊則是他們最高檔次的羊肉佳肴。具體做法是,把一只肥嫩的羔羊除去頭腳,掏空內(nèi)臟,塞滿大米飯、葡萄干、杏仁、橄欖、松子等干果和調(diào)料,放在火上烤。
在埃及,吃烤全羊是富人的專利,普通老百姓中,有兩種吃法最普及,即“想我了嗎”和“烤爸爸”。這都是從阿語直譯過來的諧音。“想我了嗎”是烤肉的一種。通常是在臨街的餐館外,有一個狀似金字塔的烤肉架。被炙烤的肉隨鐵柱子轉(zhuǎn)動,烤熟一層,就削去一層。把肉夾在餅里,添加西紅柿、酸黃瓜、洋蔥食用。
“虛坐盡后,食坐盡前。”在一般情況下,要坐得比尊者長者靠后一些,以示謙恭;“食坐盡前”,是指進(jìn)食時要盡量坐得靠前一些,靠近擺放饌品的食案,以免不慎掉落的食物弄臟了座席。
“食至起,上客起,讓食不唾。”宴飲開始,饌品端上來時,作客人的要起立;在有貴客到來時,其他客人都要起立,以示恭敬。主人讓食,要熱情取用,不可置之不理。
“客若降等,執(zhí)食興辭。主人興辭于客,然后客坐。”如果來賓地位低于主人,必須雙手端起食物面向主人道身,等主人寒暄完畢之后,客人方可入席落座。
“主人延客祭,祭食,祭所先進(jìn),殽之序,遍祭之。”進(jìn)食之前,等饌品擺好之后,主人引導(dǎo)客人行祭。食祭于案,酒祭于地,先吃什么就先用什么行祭,按進(jìn)食的順序遍祭。
“三飯,主人延客食,然后辨殽,客不虛口。”所謂“三飯”,指一般的客人吃三小碗飯后便說飽了,須主人勸讓才開始吃肉。
兄云:做人之道為公證、孝敬、和藹、溫順、憐憫、不怒報恩、知恥、謹(jǐn)慎勤奮。
雖不聰慧機(jī)智,如有這些,一切人皆能中意,親屬亦安泰。非做人之道是偏袒、暴戾、輕浮、、忘恩、無同情心、易怒、驕傲、懶惰。身上若有這些毛病,一切人皆不會中意。”
松贊干布制定的《十六凈法》中,把孝敬父母、恭敬有德、尊長敬老、誠愛親友、正直無欺等作為重要內(nèi)容,對藏族的倫理禮儀習(xí)俗的形成產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
藏族的飲食禮儀深刻地反映著藏族的倫理精神。平時,家人和鄰里和睦相處,尊老愛幼,誠信待人。家中釀了好酒,頭道酒“羌批”(酒新chang-phud)敬獻(xiàn)神靈后,首先由老人品嘗。每年收割新糧食,嘗新也是老人們的“專利”。日常家庭就餐,由主婦掌勺分發(fā)食物時,首先是為長者盛,然后全家圍聚火塘旁進(jìn)餐,其樂融融。藏族人十分好客,待客熱情周道,若有賓朋登門,定會傾其所有,拿出好酒好茶好菜盛情款待。
藏族飲茶和飲酒禮俗很多。平時在家喝茶各自用自己的茶碗,不能隨便用他人的碗。喝茶時,碗中的茶不能隨便喝干,而是喝一半或一大半,斟滿后再喝,最后結(jié)束喝茶時也不能全部喝干,而要留下少許,表示茶永遠(yuǎn)喝不完,財富充足,寓意頗深。若客人到來,女主人會取出珍藏的擦拭得光亮照人的瓷碗擺放于客人面前,端起茶壺輕輕搖晃數(shù)次(壺底須低于桌面),斟滿酥油茶后雙手端碗躬身獻(xiàn)給客人。客人接茶后不能急匆匆張口就飲,而是緩緩吹開浮油,飲啜數(shù)次后碗內(nèi)留下約一半,將茶碗放于桌上,女主人會續(xù)滿,客人不能立刻端起就飲,而是在主人一次次敦請下邊同主人拉話邊慢慢啜飲。客人每次飲茶后主人會很快添滿,使茶碗保持盈滿狀態(tài)。客人至,一般需飲茶3碗,只喝1碗就不吉利,藏諺道:“一碗成仇!”喝茶時不能必出“唏、唏”的聲音,更不能將碗里的茶部喝光,否則會被視為沒有教養(yǎng)。
藏族飲酒的禮儀和習(xí)俗極為豐富。每釀新酒,必先以“酒新”敬神,然后依循“長幼有序”的古訓(xùn)首先向家中的長才敬酒,其后家人才能暢飲。在節(jié)日婚慶或眾多人聚會場合,飲酒一般是先向德高望重的長者敬獻(xiàn),然后按順時外方向依次敬酒。敬酒者一般應(yīng)用雙手捧酒杯舉過頭頂,敬獻(xiàn)給受酒者,特別對長者更是如此。而受酒者先雙手接過酒杯,然后用左手托住,再用右手的無名指輕輕地蘸上杯中的酒,向空中彈一下,如此反復(fù)三次,有的人口中還要輕聲念出“扎西德勒平松措……”等吉樣的祝詞,然后再飲。彈酒三次是對天、地、神的敬奉和對佛法僧三寶的祈祝。
飲酒時不能一飲而盡,而要遵循“松珍夏達(dá)”(gsum--sgron--zhobs--dag)的“三口一杯”制。在彈酒敬神后,受酒者應(yīng)先飲一口,敬酒者續(xù)滿酒杯,受酒者第三次飲一口斟滿后將杯中酒一飲而盡。滴酒不剩者,才是最有誠意的。聚會飲酒時酒器是大家共用的,能在一起飲酒者,其關(guān)第可視為一家人,親同手足,因此飲酒時不能分用酒具,否則被視為外或瞧不起。在過去,屠夫、鐵匠、天葬師等所謂從事“下層職業(yè)”者一般不與大家共用酒杯,他們總是自帶碗杯,各自單獨(dú)飲用。
有酒就有歌,聚會飲酒時,歌是必不可少的。向他人敬酒時,敬酒人一般要唱酒歌。若不唱,受酒者可以拒絕飲用。敬酒人獻(xiàn)上酒,受酒者接過酒杯,即可要求敬酒人唱酒歌。有時敬酒者斟滿杯中酒,走到賓客前即開始唱酒歌,唱到一半時,再將酒杯敬上,唱完酒歌再履行彈酒儀式及飲酒。在許多地區(qū)還流行罰酒制度,一般分“角羌”(mgyogs--chang)、“過羌”(vgor--chang),“替羌”(thigs--chang)等形式。所謂“角羌”意為快酒,即在敬酒者尚未唱完酒歌之前,飲酒人提前將杯中酒過快飲干。唱酒歌時,杯中沒酒認(rèn)為是不禮貌的,故而需罰酒一壞。所謂“過羌”意為慢酒,即在敬酒人已唱完歌之后,飲酒人還未飲完杯中之酒,被視為反應(yīng)遲鈍,也要罰酒。“替羌”意為滴酒,即在敬酒者唱完酒歌時,飲酒人也正好將杯中酒飲掉,但在杯底還剩有少許酒,哪怕是幾滴,也要罰酒。人們認(rèn)為杯中剩酒,是對敬酒者的不尊重或是無誠意,對這樣的人要給予懲罰。不會飲酒的人,可以說理由,一般不會強(qiáng)迫飲酒,而藏族社會上很少有不會飲酒之人。如果敬酒者唱過灑歌后,有人偷偷地將酒倒掉,將被視為極端無禮的行為,會招致來歷的處罰。以上罰酒是對飲酒者而言的。若敬酒人唱酒歌時將歌詞唱錯或是忘記歌詞等,也要罰酒一杯。有時,敬酒者唱的酒歌極其出色,飲酒人可以接過酒杯,反過來向敬酒者獻(xiàn)酒,這杯酒則稱為“勒羌”(legs-chang),意為好酒,表示對敬酒者歌唱的贊賞,在座者會一致要求唱歌者飲下這杯好酒。飲酒接近尾聲時,若將酒器中的酒倒在酒杯中,正好滿了,則為大吉大利的征兆。酒器中往往還能空出幾滴酒,則將其倒入手中,抹到自己的頭頂上,認(rèn)為會給自己帶來福分與吉祥。飲酒給歡聚的人們帶來無窮的樂趣。人們會想方設(shè)法制造各種機(jī)會使對方陷入圈套,讓他多喝酒,或是多唱酒歌。
藏族酒歌曲調(diào)悠揚(yáng),優(yōu)美動聽,內(nèi)容多為祝福,贊美之辭。敬酒人有時邊唱邊舞,聲情并茂,也有即舉演唱的,詼諧幽默。
要么就請喝酒,
要么就請唱歌。
飲酒唱歌之間,
任你挑選一個,
請聽吧,文成公主,
請喝吧,倫波噶瓦。
要么飲酒,要么唱歌,二者必居其一。酒歌還請出了最受藏族人敬愛的文成公主和名臣噶爾·東贊域松來勸酒,不善飲酒者也定會舉杯豪飲。
我們在此相聚,
祈愿永不分離。
祝福聚會的人們,
永遠(yuǎn)無災(zāi)無疾。
這是一首流傳很廣的酒歌,在各地都能聽到。酒歌歌詞簡樸卻飽含深情,表現(xiàn)了人們對歡聚的祈盼與珍視,并表達(dá)了人們對無病無災(zāi)美好生活的向往與深深祝福。
藏族的飲食禁忌中反遇在忌食某些類別的食物和對鍋灶火塘的禁忌上。
在食肉方面,藏族禁忌較多。一般人只吃牛羊肉,而絕不吃馬、驢、騾、狗肉,有的人連雞肉、豬肉和雞蛋也不食用。魚、蝦、蛇、鱔以及海鮮類食品,除部分城鎮(zhèn)居民(大多為青年)少量食用外,廣大農(nóng)區(qū)和特區(qū)的群眾一般不食。兔子肉部分地方可食,但孕婦不得食用,據(jù)說違禁食用生下的孩子會成豁嘴。即使是吃牛羊肉,也不能吃當(dāng)天宰殺的鮮肉,必須要過一天才食。當(dāng)天宰殺的肉稱為“寧夏”(意為“日肉”nyin--sha),人們認(rèn)為牲畜雖已宰殺,但其靈魂尚存,必須過一天后靈魂才會離開軀體。對鳥類、山雞藏族從不捕食,尤其如“拉恰貢姆”(lha-bya-gong-mo)這樣的雪山雞藏族人視之為神鳥,忌諱捕獵。
在肉食禁忌中,忌食魚肉的情況較為復(fù)雜,忌食與否與地域密切相關(guān)。在藏東地區(qū),人們幾乎不食魚,也不能觸摸蛇、蛙等動物,認(rèn)為魚、蛙這些水生動物是龍神的寵物,若傷害或觸摸會染上疾病。人們一般認(rèn)為藏族不食魚是受佛教不殺生觀念的影響所致,而藏東地區(qū)不食魚卻有著悠久的歷史和古老的傳統(tǒng)。昌都卡若遺址靠近瀾滄江,至今魚產(chǎn)豐富,卻未在遺址中發(fā)現(xiàn)釣鉤、魚標(biāo)、網(wǎng)墜等漁獵工具,也未發(fā)現(xiàn)魚骨。這一現(xiàn)象是耐人尋味的。因此,考古專家們推測,卡若居民們(即藏東藏族的遠(yuǎn)古先民們)當(dāng)時就有以魚作為“禁忌食物”(TabooFood)的習(xí)慣,不食魚的觀念和習(xí)俗在佛教傳入后進(jìn)一步得到強(qiáng)化,以致藏東居民至今普遍不食魚。
然后,雅魯藏布江流域同藏東三江流域的情況卻大為不同。雅魯藏布江最大支流拉薩河流域的曲貢新石器時代遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)了民們從事漁獵生產(chǎn)的網(wǎng)墜,還有魚骨。雅魯藏布江的又一支流尼洋河流域與雅魯藏布江交匯處的居木遺址、云星遺址、紅光和加拉馬等遺址和采集點(diǎn)均發(fā)現(xiàn)了捕魚的網(wǎng)墜,如居木遺址采集到網(wǎng)墜3件。網(wǎng)墜“皆用扁平礫石加工而成。分兩式,一式將扁平礫石側(cè)打成兩缺口;另一式將扁平礫石四周打成四個缺口。”這一現(xiàn)象說明,腹心地區(qū)雅魯藏布江流域廣闊范圍內(nèi)的藏族先民曾從事漁獵生產(chǎn)活動,普遍存在食魚習(xí)俗。
藏族食魚、蛙的習(xí)俗是因地而異、因時而異的。諸多藏籍記載了吐蕃王統(tǒng)史上的一段有趣的史實(shí)。據(jù)史載,第29代贊仲寧德如娶塔布之地(塔布系一古地名,今山南桑日以東加查和林芝朗縣一帶)女子秦薩魯杰為王妃,生一肓子名麥龍袞巴扎。王妃初來時容貌妖好,后來日漸憔悴蒼老。贊普問其故王妃說她吃不到家鄉(xiāng)的一種病退食物故而變丑變老。贊普讓其速云備辦此食物。王妃乃命心腹婢回故鄉(xiāng),油炸了許多青蛙帶回王宮,藏于內(nèi)庫,取而食之,不久又容光煥發(fā),美貌如前。贊普心想這種食物竟有如此之殊勝功效,也想取食,趁王妃不在時入府庫查看,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些食物原來是酥油炸青蛙,足足裝了幾袋。贊普犯了忌諱,患了麻風(fēng)病。最后贊普和王妃夫妻二人活著進(jìn)入墳?zāi)梗嵊谙筮_(dá)地方。有詩云:“仲寧王陵在象達(dá),名為圓形活葬墓。”王和妃入墓前,叮囑王子要供奉好“寧布桑瓦”的神異寶貝,請名醫(yī)開啟肓眼以掌國政。王子遵其囑,延請名醫(yī)治愈眼疾,睜眼時正看見對面虎山上羱羊在奔走,遂取名“達(dá)日寧斯”,(意為“虎山見羱羊”)。達(dá)日寧斯(又譯作“達(dá)日年塞”、“達(dá)日寧塞”等)便是大名鼎鼎的第30代贊普,即松贊干布的祖父。
在中國古代,在飯、菜的食用上都有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定,通過飲食禮儀體現(xiàn)等級區(qū)別。如王公貴族講究“牛宜秩,羊宜黍,象直穆,犬宜粱,雁直麥,魚宜漲,凡君子食恒放焉”。而貧民的日常飯食則以豆飯藿羹為主,“民之所食,大抵豆飯藿羹”。有菜肴二十余種。“凡王之饋,食用六百,膳用六牲,飲用六清,羞用百有二十品,珍用八物,醬用百有二十甕”。這告訴我們,進(jìn)獻(xiàn)王者的飲食要符合一定的禮教。《禮記·禮器》曰:“禮有以多為貴者,天子之豆二十有六,諸公十有六,諸侯十有二,上大夫八,下大夫六。”而民間平民的飲食之禮則“鄉(xiāng)飲酒之禮,六十者三豆,七十者四豆,八十者五豆,九十者六豆,所以明養(yǎng)老也”。鄉(xiāng)飲酒,是鄉(xiāng)人以時會聚飲酒之禮,在這種慶祝會上,最受恭敬的是長者。
禮產(chǎn)生于飲食,同時又嚴(yán)格約束飲食活動。不僅講求飲食規(guī)格,而且連菜肴的擺投也有規(guī)則,《禮記·曲禮》說:“凡進(jìn)食之禮,左肴右被,食居人之左,羹居人之右。膾炙處外,疏醬處內(nèi),蔥片處右,酒漿處右。以脯俗置者,左朐右末。”譯成現(xiàn)代的文字,就是說,凡是陳設(shè)便餐,帶骨的菜肴放在左邊,切的純?nèi)夥旁谟疫叀8傻氖称凡穗瓤恐说淖笫址剑旁诳坑沂址健<?xì)切的和燒烤的肉類放遠(yuǎn)些,醋和醬類放在近處。蒸蔥等伴料放在旁邊,酒漿等飲料和羹湯放在同一方向。如果要分陳干肉、牛脯等物,則彎曲的在左,挺直的在右。這套規(guī)則在《禮記·少儀》中也有詳細(xì)記載。上菜時,要用右手握持,而托捧于左手上;上魚肴時,如果是燒魚,以魚尾向著賓客;冬天魚肚向著賓客的右方,夏大魚脊向賓客的右方。
在用飯過程中,也有一套繁文縟禮。《禮記·曲禮》載:“共食不飽,共飯不擇手,毋搏飯,毋放飯,毋流歌,毋咤食,毋嚙骨。毋反魚肉,毋投與狗骨。毋固獲,毋揚(yáng)飯,飯黍毋以箸,毋捉羹,毋刺齒。客絮羹,主人辭不能烹。客歉醢,主人辭以簍。濡肉齒決,于內(nèi)不齒決。毋嘬炙。卒食,客自前跪,撤飯齊以授相者,主人興辭于客,然后客坐。”這段話的大意是講:大家共同吃飯時,不可只顧自己吃飽。如果和別人一起吃飯,就要檢查手的清潔。不要用手搓飯團(tuán),不要把多余的飯放進(jìn)鍋中,不要喝得滿嘴淋漓,不要吃得噴噴作聲,不要啃骨頭,不要把咬過的魚肉又放回盤碗里,不要把肉骨頭扔給狗。不要專據(jù)食物,也不要簸揚(yáng)著熱飯,吃黍蒸的飯用手而不用箸,不可以大口囫圇的喝湯,也不要當(dāng)著主人的面調(diào)和菜湯。不要當(dāng)眾剔牙齒,也不要喝瞻漬的肉醬。
如果有客人在調(diào)和菜湯,主人就要道歉,說是烹調(diào)得不好;如果客人喝到醬類的食品,主人也要道歉,說是備辦的食物不夠。濕軟的肉可以用牙齒咬斷,于肉就得用手分食。吃炙肉個要撮作一把來嚼。吃飯完畢,客人應(yīng)起身向前收拾桌上盛行瞻債物的碟子交給旁邊伺侯的主人,主人跟著起身,請客人不要勞動,然后,客人再坐下。
在南方,人們以年糕、元宵、松糕、粽子以及魚、肉、蛋、菜為美味。除夕多吃年糕和元宵。元宵也叫“團(tuán)子”、“圓子”即湯圓,取“全家團(tuán)圓”之意。年糕多用糯米做成,取生產(chǎn)和生活“年年高”之意。
吃年夜飯之前,舊時一般還先要祭祖,將食物分出少許,獻(xiàn)給祖先,以示紀(jì)念。午夜鐘聲一響,辭歲禮開始,全家向祖先靈位行禮致敬,子女們依長幼之序向長輩行禮辭歲。小輩可從長輩那里收到“壓歲錢”即“押祟錢”,寓意鎮(zhèn)壓“邪祟”。
正月初一,人們早早起來,相互祝福。早餐北方人吃餃子,南方人吃湯圓等,幾乎全國各地都要吃年糕,“黏”字與“年”字諧音,而“年”字本來是谷物成熟的意思,吃黏糕寓意一年收成更比一年好,一年更比一年高。現(xiàn)在已通稱年糕了。吃罷早飯,人們穿上新裝,到親戚朋友、左鄰右舍家去拜年,預(yù)祝在新的一年里萬事如意。每家都會以瓜子、花生、糖果等零食招待客人。這一天,人們吃的大多是節(jié)前準(zhǔn)備好的食物,即取其“有余”之意。北方大多吃饅頭,南方還是以米飯為主。
除了以上禮儀習(xí)俗外,各地、各民族還以自己地區(qū)獨(dú)特的風(fēng)味食品慶祝春節(jié),增加了春節(jié)的熱烈氣氛。
臺灣人歡度春節(jié)要吃新鮮西瓜,以慶賀新年新歲。全家人圍爐聚餐,品嘗水酒和菜肴。菜肴大多取名吉利,如蘿卜叫“菜頭”,寓意為“彩頭”;“雞”是閩南語“家”的諧音,隱寓為“食雞起家”;還有一種莖與葉子較長的“長年菜”,表示長生不老等。
湖北部分地區(qū)流行“壓甑飯”。當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駨霓r(nóng)歷正月初一起,數(shù)天內(nèi)不做生米飯,謂之吃存有余。由于是除夕這天各家煮好的夠幾天吃的飯,俗稱“壓甑飯”。
四川西部一帶,正月初一,按習(xí)俗每家都要吃一頓面條,謂之“吃長壽面”。相傳漢東方朔云,彭祖壽長,活到八百,因是臉長之故。“臉”亦稱“面”,“臉長”可稱“面長”,因此吃長條面寓意人長壽。民間走訪親友,還多以掛面為饋贈禮物。
浙江西部地區(qū),每年正月初一,各家都準(zhǔn)備豐盛的茶點(diǎn),如花生、核桃、榧子、瓜子、炒米糖、冰米糖等,依次邀請親友或鄰里到家飲茶,以增進(jìn)友誼,加強(qiáng)團(tuán)結(jié),稱之為“請大年”。
侗族,大年初一必吃魚。這天清早他們從池塘里捕幾條又大又鮮的鯉魚,或煎、或炸、或燒、或燉,制成不同風(fēng)味的菜肴,配上一盤香氣四溢的腌魚,整桌菜以魚為主。春節(jié)吃魚,預(yù)示新的一年吉慶有魚(余),五谷豐登,余錢余糧。
達(dá)斡爾族的男女青年,在大年初一早上梳洗打扮完畢,先向長輩行禮、請安、敬酒,然后逐戶拜年。而每家都備有年糕,拜年的人一進(jìn)門就搶著吃糕,取其“年年高”之意。
云南地區(qū)的壯族婦女,在初一清晨,身著新衣、鞋,到河渠挑水回家,手里拖著象征牛、馬、豬、羊、狗、貓的石頭,口里模仿著六畜叫聲,寓意來年“六畜興旺”。到家后將新水加紅糖、竹葉、蔥花、生姜,煮沸后,讓全家和客人品嘗,象征吉祥,相信喝了會使人聰明伶俐。
云南鶴慶地區(qū)的白族人,在節(jié)日里有去野外汲河水的習(xí)慣,稱“汲春水”。初一那天全天吃米糕,稱“吃熟年”。
海南島的黎族,除夕早上,男人宰豬、雞,婦女蒸年糕、煮年飯(或包粽子),下午封存壓年米,傍晚擺設(shè)祭品,祀拜祖宗,祭畢吃年飯、喝年酒。新年初一閉門守家。早上給牛欄、豬圈、雞窩等處送年糕。
我所知道的分魚有兩種版本——“家庭版”和“社會版”。
“家庭版”的分魚是個經(jīng)典的故事,飽含親情與熱淚:小時侯,家里生活拮據(jù)。難得一次吃魚,親愛的媽媽總是把魚肉分給孩子,自己啃魚骨頭,微笑著說:“媽媽最喜歡吃魚骨頭了。”媽媽一直這樣分魚,孩子們信以為真,媽媽原來喜歡吃硬邦邦且?guī)Т痰聂~骨頭。長大后,生活好轉(zhuǎn),經(jīng)常吃魚了。孩子們驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn),媽媽不再愛吃魚骨頭了。他們恍然大悟,媽媽這些年來一直在撒謊呵——這個故事并不稀奇。其實(shí),撒謊的媽媽每個家庭都有一位,但并不是每個孩子最后都能明白媽媽為什么撒謊。
"社會版”的分魚是個趣致的笑話,飽含幽默與智慧:敬愛的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)大筷一揮,把魚眼剔出來,呈送給主客,曰“高看一眼”;把魚骨頭剔出來,贈給另一位貴客,曰“中流砥柱”。然后,他分配魚嘴巴,叫做“唇齒相依”,分配魚尾巴,叫做“委以重任”,分配魚翅膀,叫做“展翅高飛”,分配魚肚子,叫做“推心置腹”。格外細(xì)心的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)還能一筷子找準(zhǔn)魚腚——好象魚也有三圍——分給座中不怎么得意的一位,此謂之“定有后福”。
年初一喝糯米甜酒、吃湯圓(一種不帶餡的元宵,煮時水里放糖),初二以后方能走親訪友,相互拜年,互贈的食品中有糍粑、粽子、米花糖等,一直延續(xù)到十五元宵,有些地方甚至到正月三十,整個春節(jié)才算結(jié)束。
三月三按過去的習(xí)俗為上墳掃墓的日子,屆時家家戶戶都要派人攜帶五色糯米飯、彩蛋等到先祖墳頭去祭祀、清掃墓地,并由長者宣講祖?zhèn)骷沂贰⒆逡?guī),共進(jìn)野餐。
還有的對唱山歌,熱鬧非凡。1940年后,這一傳統(tǒng)已逐步發(fā)展到有組織的賽歌會,氣氛更加隆重、熱烈。其他節(jié)日食俗也都各有講究,各具特色,比如中元吃鴨、端午吃粽、重陽吃粑等等。
壯族的粽子分為包米粽(用浸泡后的糯米包扎)和包糕粽(經(jīng)浸好的糯米水磨成漿和過濾成“糕”后再包扎。
“包菜”也稱“包生飯”,是三月三、四月八(牛魂節(jié))許多壯族地區(qū)人們愛吃的節(jié)日食品。其方法新鮮別致,即用“包生菜”的寬嫩葉包上一小口飯,放入口中嚼吃。頗有獨(dú)特風(fēng)味。
壯族是個好客的民族,過去到壯族村寨任何一家作客的客人都被認(rèn)為是全寨的客人,往往幾家輪流請吃飯,有時一餐飯吃五、六家。不管遠(yuǎn)親近鄰來家做客,都要以禮相迎,熱情接待。
波蘭:波蘭人臨海卻不愛吃蝦及其他海味。他們對于酸辣、油膩食品也是敬而遠(yuǎn)之。他們特別忌食動物內(nèi)臟,肝除外。
匈牙利:匈牙利人喜歡吃豬、牛肉及蛋類、雞、鴨、鵝、魚和豬肉、牛肝。喜歡香蕉等熱帶水果,愛喝葡萄酒、啤酒。他們喜歡油膩較濃、甜而微辣的菜,湯中愛放辣椒粉,飯宴常以喝光咖啡為結(jié)束。不吃奇形怪狀的食物。除夕夜最忌諱吃魚類和飛禽類食品。
保加利亞:保加利亞人早餐愛喝酸牛奶,重視午餐,茶量很大,但不喝湯,口味喜辣,較咸且油膩。保加利亞人對中國菜很感興趣,象辣白菜、辣子肉丁、青椒肉絲、干燒明蝦等都很愛吃。
羅馬尼亞:羅馬尼亞人主食為面食。偏重辣味,蔬菜一般愛用奶油燒。他們一年四季都離不開清涼飲料,喜歡汽水、啤酒、桔子汁等,盛夏時節(jié)飲料必須冰鎮(zhèn)。
法國:從17世紀(jì)起,所謂西餐一般都指的是法國菜。法國人喜歡吃肥嫩的豬、牛、羊肉和各種香腸、蝦、魚、蛋、禽、牡蠣、蝸牛以及新鮮蔬菜。烹調(diào)中喜歡用大蒜、香草、蕃茄、丁香等為配料,花色品種繁多,他們和英國人一樣愛喝清湯。法國是名酒白蘭地、香檳的故鄉(xiāng)。他們喝酒很講究,一般吃肉類和家禽用舍利酒、麥臺酒;野味用紅酒;吃海味則飲白蘭地;喝湯時配葡萄酒;各種水果和點(diǎn)心大都用甜酒。
1.Mealetiquette in China
Pre Meal Etiquette
Chinese people usually use round tables when dining. Seat is very important in Chinese dining etiquette. The main seat must be the inviter, the person who pays the bill. The main seat refers to the central position farthest from the door, also known as the main chair. Sitting opposite the main seat is the inviter's assistant, also known as the second chair. The chief guest and the second chief guest sit on the right and left side of the inviter or the host, and the third and fourth guests sit on the right and left side of the second chair. It is considered a faux pas to ask the inviter to sit opposite the guest or to sit the guest at the head of the table. The manner in Chinese culture is order to make guests not so nervous. A Chinese round table can usually accommodate about ten or twelve people, and the rest of the seats can be sat in no order. If sitting next to an elderly person or a woman, offer to help them sit down firstly.
In Meal Etiquette
(1)Rice and vegetables can be eat together, but soup class must be the last to drink. If there are a lot of dishes, people can eat them first and then rice, and finally drink soup.
(2)Chopsticks and spoons should be used strictly separately. The spoon is only used for soup. Only use chopsticks when eating noodles, and be sure to turn the spoon over after eating soup.
(3)Don't be picky about food. Don't just eat your favorite dishes, or rush to pile them on your plate. Eat gracefully, without touching your neighbor, without moving your plate to the table, and without spilling the soup. Don't make unnecessary noises.
(4)Don't overdo the dishes when you take them. To eat slowly, this is not only conducive to digestion, but also the table etiquette requirements. You should never cram large chunks into your mouth or gulp them down, as this will give the impression of greed. When the food on the plate is finished, if it is not enough, you can take it again. If the waiter points the dish, it is necessary to add, and then take it when the waiter serves. If you cannot eat or do not like to eat dishes, when the waiter or host dishes, do not refuse, desirable a small amount on the plate, and said "Thank you, it’s enough." Don't show an embarrassed expression when you don't like the dish.
(5)Don't use one bowl before using another, except under very special situation. This is especially not the case when eating at home or out with ladies, because having two bowls means having two families.
(6)Don't tap your bowl with chopsticks and spoon, because beggars do that when they ask for food.
(7)Do not buckle the rice bowl on the table or put chopsticks on the rice. The former is because of sick to eat medicine to buckle the medicine bowl, and the latter is the meaning of sacrifice rice.
(8)Don't eat and talk at the same time. The bones and fish bones in the mouth do not spit on the table—it can be used napkin to cover the mouth, with chopsticks to take out on the plate. Don't eat the food that fell on the table. Don't play with your chopsticks or point them at others during the meal. Don't pick your mouth with your hands. When using a toothpick, cover your mouth with your hand or napkin. Don't let the cutlery make any noise.
(9)Lefty dishes and used tableware toothpick, should be placed on the plate, not on the table.
After Meal Etiquette
(1)After the meal, you can use napkin or tissue to wipe the mouth, but should not wipe the head and neck or chest.
(2)Don't burp uncontrollably after a meal.
(3)The guest is not allowed to leave the table until the host signals the end.
2.Mealetiquette in South Korea
Korean dining etiquette can be divided into three types: pre meal etiquette, in meal etiquette and after meal etiquette.
Pre Meal Etiquette
Washing hands before meals is not only for hygiene, but also for eating with a calm and pious attitude. The towel handed before meals is best used only to wipe hands. Of course, it is also used to wipe face, hair and even armpit, but it looks very unsightly, It's also impolite to others. It's better to put the towel by the table.
In Meal Etiquette
Don't wear a hat when eating, otherwise it means to be poor for life. When sitting with the elderly, the sitting posture should be correct. During the meal, both the guests and the host should sit on their legs. If you should kneel down on the sole of your feet in front of your elders, no matter who you are, you should never stretch or spread your legs, otherwise it will be considered impolite or insulting. Here is the etiquette that should be kept in the process of dining.
(1)When having a meal with the elders, the elders should start eating first, and then the younger ones should start eating later.
(2)Never use both hands to hold chopsticks and spoon at the same time. When using chopsticks, place the spoon on the table and do not make a sound of chopsticks touching end to end.
(3)Don't put chopsticks and spoons on the bowl, don't take up the bowl and eat.
(4)Put proper food in your mouth and don't eat while you're talking.
(5)When drinking kimchi soup, do not pick up the bowl to drink, use a spoon to scoop soup without making noise and to drink slowly. Try not to make a noise while drinking.
(6)Avoid sneezing and coughing, cover it with your hands or a towel, and try not to look messy.
(7)Don't mess around in your meal. Start eating from one side and don't pick and choose with your chopsticks.
(8)The shared food should be put on their own plates for later eating, and the vinegar sauce and chili sauce should also be dipped on the plates.
(9)Don't dip the spoon with rice grain or oil spoon when eating.
(10)When swallowing bones or fishbones, you should avoid others, quietly hold them on paper, and then throw them away. Don't throw them directly on the table or on the ground.
After Meal Etiquette
The youngers can't leave their seats when the elders are still eating. Don't put chopsticks on their rice bowls or tables. They can't put them down until they have finished eating. When they have finished eating, they should say "I've finished eating.".
3.Similarities of mealetiquette between China and South Korea
First of all, both China and South Korea have strict traditional dietary etiquette. Strict etiquette is the reflection of strict hierarchy. When Korean people eat, the elder takes the spoon and chopsticks first, and the younger takes the spoon and chopsticks again. Just as Chinese people abide by the strict seat order, it is a reflection of hierarchy.
Secondly, filial piety is reflected in Chinese and Korean food etiquette. In South Korea, when young people drink in front of their elders, it is the right etiquette to turn around and drink. In China, there is also a saying that "father and son are not at the same table", that is, father and son can not eat at the same table. This is the performance of young people's respect for their elders.
Thirdly, in the book of rites, there is "different seats for men and women at the age of seven", that is, men and women cannot sit together if they are more than seven years old. China and South Korea, as countries advocating Confucianism, attach great importance to this, which is also the embodiment of the different ideas between men and women. And in South Korea, compared with women's table, the quantity and variety of food on men's table are much stronger, which is also the embodiment of the traditional Confucian thought of "men are superior to women".
Finally, ancient China and South Korea both valued cooperation and unity, and despised individuality. Therefore, when eating with others, they should not eat too fast or too slowly. They should keep pace with others, and they should not leave at will. This kind of etiquette shows people the care and care of China and South Korea for others.
4.Differences of mealetiquette between China and South Korea
In China, when eating rice, noodles or soup, one does not eat with one's head lowered, because it is considered a pig to eat with one's head lowered. In Korea, on the contrary, it is considered a beggar to eat with one's head held up, which is not in line with etiquette. Koreans usually use flat pointed chopsticks made of stainless steel. Chinese and Japanese have the habit of eating with the rice bowl in hand, but Koreans regard this behavior as unruly. And don't touch the rice bowl with your mouth. The bowl with a round bottom and lid sits on the table, without a handle for you to hold. And that the heat that the rice transfers to the bowl, it makes sense not to touch it.
As for the bowl lid, you can remove it and place it on the table as you like. Since not carrying the bowl, the left hand must be obedient, must hide under the table. The right hand must first pick up the spoon, from the water pickle filled with a mouthful of soup to drink, then use the spoon to eat a mouthful of rice, and then drink a mouthful of soup, and then eat a mouthful of dinner, you can eat anything at will. This is the order in which Korean people eat.
References:
[1]杜春曉. 跨文化交際下中、韓飲食文化的對比研究[D].鄭州大學(xué),2017.
[2]馬菲.淺談中韓“食禮”[J].黑龍江史志,2014(17):33-34.